1. Encyclopedia Britannica
2. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
3. Americana 2000 (Grolier)
4."Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe
Bank channel since 1950", Nature, v.411, pp.927-930; 21 June 2001.
5. The Gulf Stream; a physical and dynamical description (book), Henry Stommel, 2d ed.,
1965.
6. Global Warming - the hard science (book), L. D. Danny Harvey, Pearson Education
Limited, 2000.
7. Renewable Energy - power for a sustainable future (book), Edited by Godfrey Boyle,
Oxford University Press, 1996.
Chapter 5, "Hydroelectricity", Janet Ramage. Description of turbine types. Propeller
type (axial flow) is of interest.
Chapter 6, "Tidal Power", David Elliott. Ducted and free-stream (p.262) axial flow
turbine configurations.
Chapter 7, "Wind Energy", Derek Taylor. Aerodynamic principles are applicable to water
turbines.
8. Articles on Arctic warming and ice melting.
8a. Science, 19 January 2001, p.424. Concerns the opening up of a sea path from
Russia to the Bahamas via the Northwest passage through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Arctic sea birds (Murres) suffering from mosquito bites and heat exhaustion.
9. Articles on Antarctic warming and ice melting.
9a. Science, 21 September 2001, p.2171 based on Geophysics Research Letters
, v.28,
p.3493 (2001). Concerns streaming flow (rapid movement) of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
due to lubrication provided by a soft sedimentary bed.
9b. Science, 7 September 2001, p.1731 based on Geology, v.29, p.987 (2001). Concerns
warming of the Antarctic Peninsula and the collapse of the Prince Gustav Channel ice
shelf. Also Science, 7 September 2001, p.1777.
9c. Science, 1 June 2001, p.1697. Concerns theWeddell Polynya, which appeared in 1974,
75, and 78, and has not appeared again.
10. "Patterns of Arctic Circulation", Science, 17 August 2001, p.1269. Concerns the
changing path of the Transpolar Drift Stream (the surface current and ice drift across
the Arctic Ocean) and its relation to wind patterns in the area.
11. Articles on the formation of cold bottom water in the Arctic.
11a. Science, 1 June 2001, p.1670. Concerns open ocean polynyas and coastal polynyas
(leads), heat transfer between ocean and atmosphere, salt rejection when freezing,
formation of cold bottom water.
12. Coastal and Oceanic Buoy Engineering (book), Henri O. Berteaux, Published by H. O.
Berteaux, P.O.Box 182, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Design information on moorings.
13. The World Atlas, Hammond, Inc. 1982, published by Random House.
14. The Hammond Citation World Atlas, Hammond World Atlas Corporation 2000.
15. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1981.
Concise definitions and descriptions of persons, places, things, creatures, phenomena,
measurement units, concepts, etc. More interesting than Spellcheck.
16. Inadvertent Climate Modification - Report of the Study of Man's Impact on Climate
(SMIC), sponsored by MIT, hosted by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal
Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, paperback book published by MIT Press, 1971.
17. Articles on heat transport from low to high latitudes by ocean and atmosphere.
17a. Science, 14 September 2001, p.1957 based on J. Climate, v.14, p.3433 (2001). The
atmosphere is responsible for a greater fraction of the heat transport to the poles
than has been indicated by previous studies.
17b. "Atmospheric Thoughts - Studies show air plays larger role than water in
spreading global heat." Newsday (Long Island, NY), October 30, 2001,
pp.C3,C6. This newspaper article, by Staff Writer Robert Cooke, is an
interpretation of Ref. 17a for the general public. In our section on the
Arctic Cooling System, we were not able to calculate the fraction of the heat
transported by the Gulf Stream that actually reaches the Arctic Ocean area.
Studies like 17a may help us to calculate that fraction.
18. http://www.bluenergy.com (Blue Energy Canada Inc.) This site solicits investment
in the company and promotes applications for the Davis Hydro Turbine.
19. Abrupt Climate Change.
19a. http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/teaching/Broecker99.html Broecker,
Wallace S., "What If the Conveyor Were to Shut Down? Reflections on a Possible Outcome
of the Great Global Experiment," GSA Today 9(1):1-7 (January 1999). Contains an
extensive list of references. Broecker is famous for his pioneering hypothesis that
abrupt cooling of the climate has, in the past, been caused by failure of the ocean
circulation.
19b. http://williamcalvin.com/bookshelf/climate.htm Calvin, William H. This site
has many references and active links, including the preceding Broecker link.
19c. http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm
Calvin, William H., "The great climate flip-flop," The Atlantic Monthly 281(1):47-64
(January 1998). It should be noted that in Calvin's writings, there is little direct
reference to warm Atlantic surface water entering the Arctic Ocean and spreading out
under the pack ice. In our section on the Arctic Cooling System, this is the main
mechanism for cooling the Atlantic surface water and causing it to sink to the bottom.
This cold bottom water flows over the Greenland-Scotland ridge to the Atlantic Ocean,
passing underneath the incoming warm surface water. The agreement between the amount of
ice that melts, and the amount needed to satisfy the calculated cooling load assures
us that this accounts for most of the cold bottom water supplied to the Atlantic. As
we improve our calculations, we will include the cooling near Labrador, which Calvin
describes. This will eventually take seasonal variations and atmospheric effects into
account.
19d. Kendrick Taylor, "Rapid Climate Change", American Scientist, July-August
1999, pp.320-327.
20. The Geology of North America, Volume M, The North Atlantic Region, The Geological
Society of America, 1986, edited by P.R.Vogt and B.E.Tucholke. Chapter 27, "Deep
current-controlled sedimentation in the western North Atlantic." McCave, I.N. and
Tucholke, Brian E., p.452, Fig. 1.
21. Islands Going Under
21a. http://news.bbc.co.uk/ A 7/23/01 story told of the 13 islands of Takuu, total
land area 1 sq km, max height 4.2 m, beaches gone. Takuu is just east of Papua New
Guinea.
21b. http://www.smh.com.au/news/ A 7/23/01 story told of efforts to resettle the
11,000 citizens of Tuvalu, whose highest point is 5 m above sea level. Farmers are
affected by increasing salinity, as well as rising sea level.
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